Göbekli Tepe - Turchia: i più antichi centri dell'istruzione all'umanità, Dr. Klaus Schmidt, the head of the Urfa Göbekli Tepe excavations, in Germany on Sunday. [6][50][51] Expanding on Schmidt's interpretation that round enclosures could represent sanctuaries, Gheorghiu's semiotic interpretation reads the Göbekli Tepe iconography as a cosmogonic map that would have related the local community to the surrounding landscape and the cosmos. Carbon dating firmly establishes its age at 12,000 years old – 7,000 years older than Stonehenge. Header Image Credit : Teomancimit – CC BY-SA 3.0. [29] It is unclear, on the other hand, how to classify three phallic depictions from the surface of the southern plateau. Eine Beschreibung der wichtigsten Befunde erstellt nach den Arbeiten der Grabungsteams der Jahre 1995–2007", in K. Schmidt (ed. Many animal and even human bones have been identified in the fill. The site was deliberately backfilled sometime after 8000 BCE: the buildings were buried under debris, mostly flint gravel, stone tools, and animal bones. [45], Schmidt considered Göbekli Tepe a central location for a cult of the dead and that the carved animals are there to protect the dead. Teo Mancimit, Wikimedia Commons. A pair decorated with fierce-looking lions is the rationale for the name "lion pillar building" by which their enclosure is known. The tell first caught the attention of Istanbul University and the University of Chicago in 1963, which initially interpreted the T-shaped pillars to be grave markers dating from the Aceramic Neolithic period. [24] On top of the ridge there is considerable evidence of human impact, in addition to the construction of the tell. By Layer II during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), the circular compounds gave way to rectangular buildings with doorless and windowless rooms. there are no depictions of hunting raids or wounded animals, and the pillar carvings generally ignore game on which the society depended, such as deer, in favour of formidable creatures such as lions, snakes, spiders, and scorpions. 9:36 . 13.08.2012 - Göbekli Tepe has the earliest discovery of bread making and beer production. Geophysical surveys indicate that there are 16 more, enclosing up to eight pillars each, amounting to nearly 200 pillars in all. History of the Site. [27], The plateau has been transformed by erosion and by quarrying, which took place not only in the Neolithic, but also in classical times. [6] Vultures also feature prominently in the iconography of Çatalhöyük and Jericho. [7] During the first phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars were erected—the world's oldest known megaliths.[8]. Wikimedia Commons. For this reason, it has become essential that a) adequate facilities are provided for the visiting public and b) sufficient measures are taken to ensure the protection and preservation of the ancient structures. [20], The imposing stratigraphy of Göbekli Tepe attests to many centuries of activity, beginning at least as early as the Epipaleolithic period. Its weight may be around 50 tons. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie. Results to date have been astoun… [citation needed], Archaeologists estimate that up to 500 persons were required to extract the heavy pillars from local quarries and move them 100–500 meters (330–1,640 ft) to the site. [9] In the second phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), the erected pillars are smaller and stood in rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime. Read all about Gobeklitepe on this dedicated site. The excavations have been ongoing since 1996 by the German Archaeological Institute, but large parts still remain unexcavated. [7], A number of radiocarbon dates have been published:[22], The Hd samples are from charcoal in the fill of the lowest levels of the site and date the end of the active phase of the occupation of Level III – the actual structures will be older. It is the shallowest, but accounts for the longest stretch of time. Since its discovery, however, surface surveys have shown that several hills in the greater area also have 'T'-shaped stone pillars (e.g. Göbekli Tepe now suggests the order of religion and agriculture may need a swap: Religion > Sedentary societies > Agriculture. Der vorgeschichtliche Siedlungshügel Göbekli Tepe beweist: Die ersten Schritte zu Kultur und Kunst machte der Steinzeit-Mensch nicht in Palästina oder Mesopotamien, sondern in Anatolien. [31], At the western escarpment, a small cave has been discovered in which a small relief depicting a bovid was found. Most structures on the plateau seem to be the result of Neolithic quarrying, with the quarries being used as sources for the huge, monolithic architectural elements. ", "A sanctuary, or so fair a house? The tell (artificial mound) has a height of 15 m (50 ft) and is about 300 m (1,000 ft) in diameter. Presumably this is the remains of a Roman watchtower that was part of the Limes Arabicus, though this is conjecture.[28]. L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site, and the remains of a Norse settlement in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. 23.12.2016 - Gobeklitepe is a pre-historic site dating from roughly 12,000 years ago, near Sanliurfa, Turkey. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism responded that no concrete was used and that no damage had occurred. (ed. [dubious – discuss] The inhabitants are presumed to have been hunters and gatherers who nevertheless lived in villages for at least part of the year. Almost four decades of research have led scientists at Japan's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) to propose that a family of transporter proteins has played an important role in species evolution. But they maintain that their suggestions that enclosures A, B, and D are a single complex makes it unlikely that each enclosure was built separately. Partners include the German Archaeological Institute, German Research Foundation, Şanlıurfa Municipal Government, the Turkish Ministry of Tourism and Culture and, formerly, Klaus Schmidt. Artist Fernando Baptista sculpts a model of Göbekli Tepe. Though no tombs or graves have yet been found, Schmidt believed that graves remain to be discovered in niches located behind the walls of the sacred circles. Finds of pigment pits after the deforestation of Easter Island reject the earlier presumed societal collapse. The largest of them lies on the northern plateau. These photos of Gobeklitepe were taken over a period of time. Two taller pillars stand facing one another at the centre of each circle. [39] Several T-pillars up to 1.5 meters tall occupy the center of the rooms. Radiocarbon dating the first temples of mankind. [6] Schmidt continued to direct excavations at the site on behalf of the Şanlıurfa Museum and the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) until his death in 2014. The reliefs depict mammals such as lions, bulls, boars, foxes, gazelles, and donkeys; snakes and other reptiles; arthropods such as insects and arachnids; and birds, particularly vultures. Göbekli Tepe (Turkish for the ‘hill of the navel’) is a 1000 foot diameter mound located at the highest point of a mountain ridge, around 9 miles northeast of the town of Şanlıurfa (Urfa) in southeastern Turkey. BBC Documentary : Göbekli Tepe by fromturkland. List of archaeological sites by continent and age, "Girê Mirozan Rihayê dike navenda geshtyariyê", "Göbeklitepe Neyi Saklıyor? Ä°nsanlık Tarihi İçin Neden Bu Kadar Önemlidir? It remains unknown how a population large enough to construct, augment, and maintain such a substantial complex was mobilized and compensated or fed in the conditions of pre-sedentary society. The location of Göbekli Tepe in relation to its surrounding geography and nearby Urfa. [21] Remains of smaller buildings identified as Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) and dating from the 9th millennium BCE have also been unearthed. Port Royal, originally named Cagway was an English harbour town and base of operations for buccaneers and privateers (pirates) until the great earthquake of 1692. Göbekli Tepe (Turkish: [gœbecˈli teˈpe], "Potbelly Hill"), also known as Girê Mirazan or Xirabreşkê (Kurdish), is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 15 km (9 mi) as the crow flies or 30 km (19 mi) by car, northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa. Andrew Curry, "Göbekli Tepe: The World’s First Temple?". At about 11000-13000 years old this site pre-dates both pottery and writing and is far older that either Stonehenge in England. [citation needed]. (2011). Ein Forschungsbericht zum präkeramischen Neolithikum Obermesopotamiens". National Geographic carried the story to it’s cover in 2011. The advent of agriculture and animal husbandry brought new realities to human life in the area, and the "Stone-age zoo" (Schmidt's phrase applied particularly to Layer III, Enclosure D) apparently lost whatever significance it had had for the region's older, foraging communities. In: Charles C. Mann, "The Birth of Religion: The World's First Temple". [6][43] Schmidt believed that what he called this "cathedral on a hill" was a pilgrimage destination attracting worshippers up to 150 km (90 mi) distant. Their status as quarries was confirmed by the find of a 3-by-3 metre piece at the southeastern slope of the plateau. Its age is only made more impressive by the sheer complexity of the site. Entdecken. ", "Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries: New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs,", Göbekli Tepe preservation project summary, "Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff", "World's oldest temple probably built to worship the dog star, Sirius", "7,000 years older than Stonehenge: the site that stunned archaeologists", "Cereal Processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey", "Turkey: Archeological Dig Reshaping Human History", Buzzwords, Bogeymen, and Banalities of Pseudoarchaeology: Göbekli Tepe, Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus, Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus, Stone circles, lines and tombs near the Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian, "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Göbekli_Tepe&oldid=998074589, Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia, Archaeological sites of prehistoric Anatolia, Buildings and structures in Şanlıurfa Province, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed. Bitte wasche dir oft die Hände und setze das Social Distancing um. It is the oldest known human-made religious structure. [6], In 1994, German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt, who had previously been working at Nevalı Çori, was looking for another site to excavate. Many of the pillars are decorated with pictograms and carved animal reliefs, such as lions, foxes, snakes, insects, birds, and bulls, suggesting that at the time of Layer III the surrounding landscape was most likely forested and contained a variety of animal life (in contrast to the dry, arid conditions of today). "GHF – Göbekli Tepe – Turkey", globalheritagefund.org, web: "GHF – Gobekli Tepe, Turkey – Overview"; globalheritagefund.org: RIR-Klaus Schmidt-Göbekli Tepe-The Worlds Oldest Temple? Its floor has been carefully hewn out of the bedrock and smoothed, reminiscent of the terrazzo floors of the younger complexes at Göbekli Tepe. The Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU) is home to many interdisciplinary projects which benefit from the synergy of a wide range of expertise available at the institute. At the time the edifice was constructed, the surrounding country was likely to have been forested and capable of sustaining this variety of wildlife, before millennia of human settlement and cultivation led to the near–Dust Bowl conditions prevalent today. L’Anse aux Meadows – The Viking Settlement in Canada, Göbekli Tepe – The Oldest Known Mesolithic Temple Complex, New Findings About Prehistoric Easter Island, Primordial Black Holes & Search For Dark Matter From Multiverse, Discovery Boosts Theory That Life on Earth Arose From RNA-DNA Mix, Machaerus – The Palace Fortress of King Herod, Archaeologists Uncover ‘Fast Food’ Counter at Pompeii, TeōtÄ«huacān – Birthplace of the Gods, The Secret Hellfire Club and the Hellfire Caves, Port Royal – The Sodom of the New World. Tortuga is an island that forms part of Haiti off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, that during the 17th century was a stronghold for piracy operating throughout the Caribbean. Klaus Schmidt (2009) "Göbekli Tepe – Eine Beschreibung der wichtigsten Befunde erstellt nach den Arbeiten der Grabungsteams der Jahre 1995–2007"; Dietrich, Oliver. The main structures identified have been dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) from around the 10th millennium BC, with further remains of smaller buildings from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), dated to the 9th millennium BC. It has a length of 7 m (23 ft) and its head has a width of 3 m (10 ft). 4. Sütterlin et al. Schmidt identified this story as a primeval oriental myth that preserves a partial memory of the emerging Neolithic. Scholars have been unable to interpret the pictograms, and do not know what meaning the animal reliefs had for visitors to the site. Experts assumed that the mound was nothing more than an abandoned medieval cemetery. Its 'T'-shaped pillars are considerably smaller, and its rectangular ceremonial structure was located inside a village. Creation of the circular enclosures in layer III later gave way to the construction of small rectangular rooms in layer II. K. Schmidt in Schmidt (ed.) Archaeologists have since determined that the tell contains three distinct layers, with Layer III consisting of circular compounds or temene, and nearly 200 T-shaped limestone pillars (detected through geophysical surveys). [19] Recent excavations have been more limited than Schmidt's, focusing on detailed documentation and conservation of the areas already exposed. It was excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and has been submerged by the Atatürk Dam since 1992. In addition to its large dimensions, the side-by-side existence of multiple pillar shrines makes the location unique. Younger structures date to classical times. [citation needed], Schmidt also engaged in speculation regarding the belief systems of the groups that created Göbekli Tepe, based on comparisons with other shrines and settlements. At the western edge of the hill, a lionlike figure was found. Photo source: Wikimedia . State of Research and New Data", "Israeli Archaeologists Find Hidden Pattern at 'World's Oldest Temple' Göbekli Tepe", "Geometry and Architectural Planning at Göbekli Tepe, Turkey", "New Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites and cult centres in the Urfa Region", "Turkey: Archeological dig reshaping human history", "Karahan Tepe: A new cultural centre in the Urfa area in Turkey", "A small-scale cult centre in southeast Turkey: Harbetsuvan Tepesi", "New pre-pottery neolithic settlements from Viranşehir District", "Concrete poured on Turkish World Heritage site", "Construction around site of Göbeklitepe stirs debate", "So Fair a House: Göbekli Tepe and the Identification of Temples in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Near East", http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/gobekli-tepe.html, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text, "Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment, "Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A few pillars are also believed to represent stylised humans, or possibly a deity, that has loincloths on the lower half of the pillar and arms. Carbon dating suggests that (for reasons unknown) the enclosures were backfilled during the Stone Age. Göbekli Tepe is a c. 12,000-year-old archaeological site in Anatolia, Turkey. 23.12.2016 - The planners and builders of Gobeklitepe still remain a big mystery, and no one has been able to crack the code so far. Artist Fernando Baptista sculpts a model of Göbekli Tepe. Since 1994 CE, excavations conducted by Klaus Schmidt of the Istanbul branch of the German Archaeological Institute, with the cooperation of the Şanlıurfa Museum, have been taking place at the site. Structures identified with the succeeding period, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), have been dated to the 10th millennium BCE. Some of the floors in this, the oldest, layer are made of terrazzo (burnt lime); others are bedrock from which pedestals to hold the large pair of central pillars were carved in high relief. Weitere Ideen zu archäologie, steinzeitkunst, prähistorisches. Göbekli Tepe is a series of mainly circular and oval-shaped structures set on the top of a hill. [38] Layer II is assigned to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). Feel the pulse of time with our Göbekli Tepe tour...Here at Göbekli Tepe lie the remains of the earliest religious structures built by man yet to be discovered. Klaus-Dieter Linsmeier and Klaus Schmidt: "Ein anatolisches Stonehenge". [30], Apart from the tell, there is an incised platform with two sockets that could have held pillars, and a surrounding flat bench. He began excavations the following year and soon unearthed the first of the huge T-shaped pillars. The variety of fauna depicted – from lions and boars to birds and insects – makes any single explanation problematic. Adriano Forgione, editor of HERA magazine, interviews Andrew Collins on Göbekli Tepe, the Oldest Temple in the World, constructed as early as 11,500-11,000 years ago in southeast Turkey. [6] In 2017, discovery of human crania with incisions was reported, interpreted as providing evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult. Archaeologists conducting excavations at the Thermopolium of Regio V in the Roman city of Pompeii have revealed an ancient ‘fast food’ counter. ", "Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? We will add more Gobeklitepe photos as they become available. Four such circular structures have been unearthed so far. Weitere Ideen zu vorgeschichte, archäologie, geschichte. Graham Hancock, Andrew Collins & Hugh Newman by MegalithomaniaUK. In all other directions, the ridge descends steeply into slopes and steep cliffs. This corresponds well with an ancient Sumerian belief that agriculture, animal husbandry, and weaving were brought to humans from the sacred mountain Ekur, which was inhabited by Annuna deities, very ancient deities without individual names. [4] The tell (artificial mound) has a height of 15 m (50 ft) and is about 300 m (1,000 ft) in diameter. Occupation at the site attests to centuries of activity, with the earliest period dating from around the beginning of the Epipalaeolithic period (after the Upper Palaeolithic and before the Neolithic, defined by the appearance of microliths in the prehistory of the Near East). In this area, flint and limestone fragments occur more frequently. In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Gobekli Tepe", "Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? Is it the true Garden of Eden? Rectangular buildings make a more efficient use of space compared with circular structures. So far, very little evidence for residential use has been found. Some of the T-shaped pillars have human arms carved on their lower half, however, suggesting to site excavator Schmidt that they are intended to represent the bodies of stylized humans (or perhaps deities). Being nearly as old as 12,000 years – there is still so much left to be discovered about Göbekli Tepe to be able to establish what Göbekli Tepe actually means for the history of the mankind. [10], While the site formally belongs to the earliest Neolithic (PPNA), to date no traces of domesticated plants or animals have been found. Göbekli Tepe (Turkish: [gœbecˈli teˈpe],[1] "Potbelly Hill"),[2] also known as Girê Mirazan or Xirabreşkê (Kurdish),[3] is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 15 km (9 mi) as the crow flies or 30 km (19 mi) by car, northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa. [12] The pillars weigh 10–20 metric tons (10–20 long tons; 11–22 short tons), with one still in the quarry weighing 50 tons. This could indicate that this type of architecture and associated activities originated at Göbekli Tepe, and then spread to other sites. Can you describe the main architectural characteristics of Göbekli Tepe? Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt, who led the excavations at Göbekli Tepe from 1996 to 2014 has interpreted the site to be a stone-age mountain sanctuary, whilst Dragos Gheorghiu, an anthropologist and experimental archaeologist proposes that the monument was a cosmogonic map, relating the community to the surrounding landscape and the cosmos. These possibly are related to a square building in the neighbourhood, of which only the foundation is preserved. ), Metin Yeşilyurt, "Die wissenschaftliche Interpretation von Göbeklitepe: Die Theorie und das Forschungsprogramm". [44] Zooarchaeological analysis shows that gazelle were only seasonally present in the region, suggesting that events such as rituals and feasts were likely timed to occur during periods when game availability was at its peak. [13][dubious – discuss], Around the beginning of the 8th millennium BCE Göbekli Tepe lost its importance. Early Neolithic religion and economic change". The slabs were transported from bedrock pits located approximately 100 metres (330 ft) from the hilltop, with workers using flint points to cut through the limestone bedrock.[33]. [36] Radiocarbon dating places the construction of these early circles in the range of 9600 to 8800 BCE. Two years later, Newsweek followed with a brief article. Whether the circles were provided with a roof is uncertain. [15] American archaeologist Peter Benedict identified lithics collected from the surface of the site as belonging to the Aceramic Neolithic,[16] but mistook stone slabs (the upper parts of the T-shaped pillars) for grave markers, postulating that the prehistoric phase was overlain by a Byzantine cemetery. It is 1.92 metres high, and is superficially reminiscent of the totem poles in North America. Stone benches designed for sitting are found in the interior. that the elevated location may have functioned as a spiritual center during 10,000 BCE or earlier, essentially, at the very end of the Pleistocene. Gobekli Tepe was first examined—and consequently dismissed—by University of Chicago and Istanbul University anthropologists in the 1960s. [64], The stated goals of the GHF Göbekli Tepe project are to support the preparation of a site management and conservation plan, construction of a shelter over the exposed archaeological features, training community members in guiding and conservation, and helping Turkish authorities secure UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for GT. (, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 18:08. 2009, p. 188. Göbekli Tepe régészeti lelőhely a mai Törökország délkeleti részén. 12:12. Göbekli Tepe [ɡøbe̞kli te̞pɛ] este un sanctuar Neolitic ridicat pe o creastă de munte din sud-estul Anatoliei, aflat la circa 15 km, nord-est, de orașul Șanlıurfa.Acesta este cea mai veche structură religioasă cunoscută realizată vreodată de om. [28] Several quarries where round workpieces had been produced were identified. The roughly contemporary architecture at Jericho is devoid of artistic merit or large-scale sculpture, and Çatalhöyük, perhaps the most famous Anatolian Neolithic village, was built 2,000 years later. Hamzan Tepe,[55] Karahan Tepe,[56] Harbetsuvan Tepesi,[57] Sefer Tepe,[58] and Taslı Tepe[48]) but little excavation has been conducted. ", "Which came first, monumental building projects or farming? Excavations have taken place at the southern slope of the tell, south and west of a mulberry that marks an Islamic pilgrimage,[25] but archaeological finds come from the entire plateau. Since then, the DAI's research at the site has been coordinated by Lee Clare. He presumed shamanic practices and suggested that the T-shaped pillars represent human forms, perhaps ancestors, whereas he saw a fully articulated belief in deities as not developing until later, in Mesopotamia, that was associated with extensive temples and palaces. [34] Many of the pillars are decorated with abstract, enigmatic pictograms and carved animal reliefs. They range from 10 to 30 metres in diameter. It was therefore suggested that this could have been some kind of sculpture workshop. Continuing the naming pattern, it is called "complex E". [14], The site was first noted in a survey conducted by Istanbul University and the University of Chicago in 1963. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit.". A preliminary Report on the 1995–1999 Excavations. More than 200 pillars in about 20 circles are known (as of May 2020) through geophysical surveys. The site was abandoned after the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). May 16, 2016 - Gobekli Tepe- Pillar with a reptile sculpture. [62], Future plans include construction of a museum and converting the environs into an archaeological park, in the hope that this will help preserve the site in the state in which it was discovered. The Ua samples come from pedogenic carbonate coatings on pillars and only indicate the time after the site was abandoned – the terminus ante quem.[23]. The ancient remains of Göbekli Tepe. It consists of loose sediments caused by erosion and the virtually-uninterrupted use of the hill for agricultural purposes since it ceased to operate as a ceremonial center. Göbekli Tepe, also known as Girê Mirazan or Xirabreşkê, is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey approximately 12 km northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa. 2017-ben a lelőhely bizonyos részei még több mint 90%-ban feltáratlanok. Layer III is also the most sophisticated level, with enclosures characterised by different thematic components and artistic representations. He also … Registered Address: HeritageDaily, 41 Belsize Road, Luton, Bedfordshire, England. 21.03.2017 - jo trauth hat diesen Pin entdeckt. Schütze dich und bleib gesund. Vorläufiger Bericht zu den Grabungen am Göbekli Tepe und am Gürcütepe 1995–1999. Carbon dating has yielded dates between 8800 and 8000 BCE. K. Schmidt, 2000a = Göbekli Tepe and the rock art of the Near East. Machaerus is an archaeological site and a fortified palace, located on the eastern side of the Dead Sea in present-day Jordan. [47], With its mountains catching the rain and a calcareous, porous bedrock creating many springs, creeks, and rivers,[48] the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris was a refuge during the dry and cold Younger Dryas climatic event (10,800–9,500 BCE).

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